Hemoparasites in ticks of wild birds of Serra dos Órgãos National Park, state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

The aim of this study is to detect the presence of tick-borne agents of genera Rickettsia, Borrelia, Babesia, Ehrlichia and Anaplasma in ticks collected from native wild birds in the state of Rio de Janeiro. Birds were captured and observed carefully to find the ectoparasites. DNA detection of hemoparasites was performed by means of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The sequences obtained were analyzed and their homologies were compared to the available isolates in the GenBank platform database. A total of 33 birds were captured from 20 different species, of which 14 were parasitized by Amblyomma longirostre (n = 22). There was absence of DNA from agents of the genera Babesia, Anaplasma and Ehrlichia in the evaluated samples. The phylogenetic analysis indicated that one sample had 100% identity with Rickettsia bellii (KJ534309), the other two samples showed 100% identity with Rickettsia sp. Aranha strain and strain AL (EU274654 and AY360216). The positive sample for R. bellii was also demonstrated to be positive for Borrelia sp., which presented a similarity of 91% with Borrelia turcica (KF422815). This is the first description of Borrelia sp. in ticks of the genus Amblyomma in South America.

Hemoparasites in ticks of wild birds of Serra dos Órgãos National Park, state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil / Hemoparasitos em carrapatos de aves silvestres do Parque Nacional da Serra dos Órgãos, estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil

Abstract The aim of this study is to detect the presence of tick-borne agents of genera Rickettsia, Borrelia, Babesia, Ehrlichia and Anaplasma in ticks collected from native wild birds in the state of Rio de Janeiro. Birds were captured and observed carefully to find the ectoparasites. DNA detection of hemoparasites was performed by means of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The sequences obtained were analyzed and their homologies were compared to the available isolates in the GenBank platform database. A total of 33 birds were captured from 20 different species, of which 14 were parasitized by Amblyomma longirostre (n = 22). There was absence of DNA from agents of the genera Babesia, Anaplasma and Ehrlichia in the evaluated samples. The phylogenetic analysis indicated that one sample had 100% identity with Rickettsia bellii (KJ534309), the other two samples showed 100% identity with Rickettsia sp. Aranha strain and strain AL (EU274654 and AY360216). The positive sample for R. bellii was also demonstrated to be positive for Borrelia sp., which presented a similarity of 91% with Borrelia turcica (KF422815). This is the first description of Borrelia sp. in ticks of the genus Amblyomma in South America.

Resumo Este trabalho teve como objetivo detectar evidências moleculares da presença de agentes dos gêneros Rickettsia, Borrelia, Babesia, Anaplasma e Ehrlichia transmitidos por carrapatos coletados de aves silvestres no estado do Rio de Janeiro. Aves foram capturadas e observadas cuidadosamente a procura de ectoparasitos. A detecção de DNA de hemoparasitos foi realizada por meio da reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR). As sequências obtidas foram analisadas e sua homologia comparada aos isolados disponíveis na base de dados da plataforma GenBank. Foram capturadas 33 aves, de 20 espécies diferentes das quais 14 estavam parasitadas por Amblyomma longirostre (n = 22). Houve ausência de DNA de agentes dos gêneros Babesia, Anaplasma e Ehrlichia nas amostras avaliadas. A análise filogenética indicou que uma amostra apresentou 100% de identidade com Rickettsia bellii (KJ534309), as outras duas amostras apresentaram 100% de identidade com Rickettsia sp. cepa Aranha e Cepa AL (EU274654 e AY360216.). A amostra positiva para R. bellii também apresentou positividade para Borrelia sp. que apresentou similaridade de 91% com Borrelia turcica (KF422815). Esta é a primeira descrição de Borrelia sp. em carrapatos do gênero Amblyomma na América do Sul.

Ticks in wild animals at a resort and the first documentation of Amblyomma sculptum infesting Emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae) / Carrapatos em animais selvagens em um resort e o primeiro registro de Amblyomma sculptum infestando Emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae)

Abstract The study aimed to identify species of ticks present in the environment and among captive animals, in Mangaratiba, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Ticks were isolated from captive animals by manual examination and free-living ticks in the environment were captured using the flannel drag technique. A total of 91 ticks were obtained (51 adults, 25 nymphs and 15 larvae). The specimens were identified morphologically as Amblyomma sp., Amblyomma dubitatum, Amblyomma ovale and Amblyomma sculptum , and were distributed among five species of native mammals and an exotic bird. This study also reports the first case of infestation of the Australian emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae) by A. sculptum.

Resumo O estudo teve como objetivo identificar espécies de carrapatos presentes no ambiente e entre animais de cativeiro em Mangaratiba, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Os carrapatos foram removidos manualmente de animais de cativeiro e no ambiente usando a técnica de arrasto em flanela. Um total de 91 carrapatos foram capturados (51 adultos, 25 ninfas e 15 larvas). Os espécimes foram identificados morfologicamente como Amblyomma sp., Amblyomma dubitatum, Amblyomma ovale e Amblyomma sculptum, e foram distribuídos entre cinco espécies de mamíferos nativos e uma ave exótica. Este estudo também relata o primeiro caso de infestação do emu australiano (Dromaius novaehollandiae) por A. sculptum .

Ticks in wild animals at a resort and the first documentation of Amblyomma sculptum infesting Emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae).

The study aimed to identify species of ticks present in the environment and among captive animals, in Mangaratiba, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Ticks were isolated from captive animals by manual examination and free-living ticks in the environment were captured using the flannel drag technique. A total of 91 ticks were obtained (51 adults, 25 nymphs and 15 larvae). The specimens were identified morphologically as Amblyomma sp., Amblyomma dubitatum, Amblyomma ovale and Amblyomma sculptum , and were distributed among five species of native mammals and an exotic bird. This study also reports the first case of infestation of the Australian emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae) by A. sculptum.

F200Y polymorphism of the ß-tubulin isotype 1 gene in Haemonchus contortus and sheep flock management practices related to anthelmintic resistance in eastern Amazon.

The objective of the present study was to determine the frequency of the F200Y polymorphism in the ß-tubulin isotype 1 gene of Haemonchus contortus from various sheep flocks in eastern Amazon, and to identify management practices that may favor the emergence of resistance to anthelmintic drugs in the same area. In total, 305 specimens of H. contortus were collected from sheep at 12 farms located in the state of Pará. An allele-specific PCR was performed to detect the F200Y polymorphism, and questionnaires were used to obtain information about the farms and flocks. All genotypes were detected as follows: 31% of the parasites were RR, 37% of the parasites were SR, and 32% were SS. The completed questionnaires revealed that all farms employed semi-intensive farming systems, performed suppressive anthelmintic treatment, and based their choice of drug on cost and availability rather than on any knowledge regarding drugs that remained effective on their property. It can thus be concluded that the SNP in codon 200 of the ß-tubulin isotype 1 gene is present in the H. contortus populations from eastern Amazon, and that a series of management practices that favor the emergence of anthelmintic resistance are employed on these farms.

Diagnóstico molecular e frequência de anticorpos anti-Leishmania infantum chagasi em cães do município de Belém, Pará / Molecular diagnosis and frequency of anti-Leishmania infantum chagasi antibodies in dogs in Belém/Pará, Brazil

Visceral leishmaniasis is a disease whose etiological agent in Brazil is Leishmania infantum chagasi. Dogs are considered urban reservoirs of the disease, being an indicator of the human cases occurrence. The present study aimed to diagnose L. infantum chagasi infection in stray and owned dogs in Belém, Pará State, by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) using two different antigens. [...] These animals were divided into two groups: stray dogs captured by the Center for Zoonosis Control (Group A) and owned dogs (Group B). Sera were analyzed by IFA testing for IgG using two different antigens: 1) Bio-Manguinhos/Fiocruz antigen kit (Ag-PRO) containing promastigotes of Leishmania sp. (Complex Major-Like), 2) Instituto Evandro Chagas Antigen (Ag-AMA) consisting of amastigotes of L. infantum chagasi. The evaluation of the two antigens was performed considering positive the reactions above the 1:80 dilution. Already PCR was performed with DNA isolated from whole blood of animals and amplified with the primers RV1 and RV2. Of the 335 samples analyzed, 10.4% (35/335) were positive by IFA (Ag-PRO) and 0.9% (3/335) with the Ag-AMA. The distribution of positive samples is given as follows: Group A 14.8% (25/169) with Ag-PRO and 1.2% (2/169) with Ag-AMA; Group B 6% (10/166) with Ag-PRO and 0.6% (1/166) with Ag-AMA, being that all samples positive by IFA with Ag-AMA also reacted with Ag-PRO, and none of the samples detected DNA of L. infantum chagasi. The findings of this study indicate that Belém can still be considered non-endemic area for canine visceral leishmaniasis and the nature of the antigen influences the result of the IFA for the detection of anti-L. infantum chagasi antibodies in dogs, and the IFA using promastigotes of Leishmania major-like antigen should be used with caution as a confirmatory diagnostic on epidemiological studies in non-endemic areas.

A leishmaniose visceral é uma enfermidade cujo agente etiológico no Brasil é o protozoário Leishmania infantum chagasi. Os cães são considerados reservatórios urbanos da doença, sendo indicadores da ocorrência de casos humanos. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo diagnosticar a infecção por L. infantum chagasi em cães domiciliados e errantes do município de Belém, estado do Pará, através da reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) e da reação de imunofluorescência indireta (RIFI), empregando dois antígenos distintos. [...] A avaliação dos dois antígenos foi realizada com as amostras reagentes a partir da titulação 1:80. Já a PCR foi realizada a partir do DNA extraído do sangue total dos animais e amplificado utilizando-se os iniciadores RV1e RV2. Das 335 amostras analisadas, 10,4% (35/335) foram reagentes na RIFI (Ag-PRO) e 0,9% (3/335) reagiram com o Ag-AMA. A distribuição das amostras positivas se deu da seguinte forma: Grupo A 14,8% (25/169) com Ag-PRO e 1,2% (2/169) com Ag-AMA; Grupo B 6% (10/166) com Ag-PRO e 0,6% (1/166) com Ag-AMA; sendo que todas as amostras positivas pelo teste de RIFI com o Ag-AMA também reagiram com o Ag-PRO e em nenhuma das amostras foi detectado o DNA de L. infantum chagasi. Os achados do presente estudo indicam que Belém ainda pode ser considerada área não endêmica para leishmaniose visceral canina e que a natureza do antígeno influencia no resultado da RIFI para a pesquisa de anticorpos anti-L. infantum chagasi em cães, sendo que a RIFI que utiliza formas promastigotas de Leishmania major-like como antígeno deve ser utilizada com cautela como método diagnóstico confirmatório em estudos epidemiológicos em áreas não endêmicas para LVC.